Vulnerability Assessment: Tools and Steps to Improve Security Posture

With so many vulnerabilities to track and new ones such as Log4Shell constantly being introduced, organizations must have the proper procedures and processes in place to be able to handle these before things get out of control. Vulnerability assessment is an important part of this.

This is carried out in a number of steps. The first step is preparation, which is followed by scanning your systems. Each discovered vulnerability is then prioritized to help determine the proper course of action. Finally, remediation recommendations are made.

Why is a vulnerability assessment important?

The ability to continually track and catch vulnerabilities early on makes vulnerability assessment an extremely valuable means of implementing security measures and controls within your organization. Regularly conducting vulnerability assessments provides an overall picture of security, can help ensure regulatory compliance, and allows for more agile prioritization and mitigation should any new threats arise.

This practice fits perfectly with the secure software development life cycle (SSDLC), in which security is addressed through every development stage instead of being treated as an add-on.

Practically every company today relies to some degree on open-source code, and the constant flood of new open-source components in the developer world has also led to a growing number of open-source vulnerabilities. It is, therefore, crucial to ensure open-source components are part of your vulnerability assessment. An open-source vulnerability scanner is a must-have in your vulnerability assessment toolbox.

Now that we’ve covered vulnerability assessment and its importance, how do you approach it?

How do you perform a vulnerability assessment?

There is no universal framework for carrying out a vulnerability assessment, and policies and procedures may differ from one organization to another. The process can be broken down into a number of stages—from preparing and scanning your systems to analyzing and remediating discovered vulnerabilities and drawing conclusions for the future. Continuous security vulnerability assessments should be an integral part of your security strategy to ensure newly discovered vulnerabilities are taken care of.

5 Stages of vulnerability assessment

Though they may be referred to differently depending on the company strategy, the following are five important vulnerability assessment steps:

1. Preparation

In this stage, a decision needs to be made about which systems will be assessed and you need to define the baseline for each. It is also necessary to establish which systems are critical and which data is sensitive.

2. Vulnerability scanning

Scanning your resources using software composition analysis (SCA) and other tools enables quick identification of existing vulnerabilities in your systems and network. It is crucial to update and correctly configure vulnerability scanners so that the scan results are tailored to your needs to minimize false positives, which can extend the analysis stage.

3. Vulnerability analysis

Vulnerability analysis is perhaps the most important stage of the vulnerability assessment process, as it involves analyzing whether a flagged vulnerability threatens your systems. Root cause analysis (RCA) is conducted to estimate the potential impact and level of severity. The ability to accurately identify vulnerabilities at this stage will directly impact the necessary course of action. Some useful tools help you efficiently prioritize vulnerabilities in your open source dependencies and containers to focus on what matters.

4. Vulnerability remediation

Once you’ve assessed the vulnerability and identified the attack vector and potential impact on your system, the next step is to consider mitigating these security flaws. Is it sufficient to change the component configuration? Is updating the component necessary to mitigate it, and would it even be possible to do so?

5. Lessons Learned

After completing the vulnerability assessment, this is the time to consider what went according to plan and what went wrong, and most importantly, assess how prepared you are for the future. Will you be able to fully secure your system and network? Where should you focus your resources?

4 Types of vulnerability assessment

There are four primary categories of vulnerability assessment:

1. Network: The analysis of mechanisms preventing potential unauthorized access to your network.

2. Infrastructure: Assessing critical servers from the system operation standpoint.

3. Data repositories: Checking data stores for possible flaws, with special attention to the security of sensitive data.

4. Application security: The detection of vulnerabilities in the source code of the application using dynamic application security testing (DAST) and static application security testing (SAST) tools. Check out application security best practices to know more.

The best vulnerability assessment tools

Vulnerability assessment tools are key to the vulnerability assessment process. Without them, the entire process would have to be done manually, a virtually impossible task that would surely lead to undetected vulnerabilities. Vulnerability assessment tools include a variety of scanners, among them web application scanners, protocol scanners, and network scanners. These modern, advanced tools have access to the most recent open-source vulnerability databases and can detect dependencies that would otherwise be missed.

Let’s explore the importance and need for such tools and how to pick the right ones.

DAST vs. SAST

Despite efforts to ensure the highest possible quality code—through the employment of experienced programmers, training, and following secure coding guidelines, for example—experiencing problems with your code and application as a whole is virtually inevitable due to human error. DAST and SAST tools can help to mitigate this, and each approach has its benefits.

• SAST: This is a typical white-box approach that enables the detection of potential security flaws at an early stage without the need for a running environment. These tools detect vulnerabilities and pinpoint the specific line of code responsible.

• DAST: This testing method utilizes the opposite approach of SAST. It is a black-box testing method in which the application is dynamically tested from the outside. DAST tools rely on input data and thus require a running application for testing.

Both testing methods can identify a range of vulnerabilities, including the OWASP Top 10. The best approach is to use these tools in combination at different stages of the software development life cycle.

Software Composition Analysis (SCA) for Vulnerability Assessment

Software Composition Analysis (SCA) is another important category of tools. Without them, managing your software components—particularly open-source elements—would be challenging. SCA tools scan your software and provide a full report with a list of all components as well as any potential vulnerabilities within them.

This software bill of material (SBOM) is extremely valuable for managing your security processes. It allows you to understand what is actually used in your product and which components are compatible with policies and software licenses. Many modern SCA tools also offer automated features such as approval and auditing.

Staying one step ahead

When it comes to security, there is no place for oversight or omissions, and continuous evaluation of vulnerabilities is key to creating a more secure product. Vulnerability assessment tools facilitate the vulnerability assessment process and vulnerability management. By choosing the right tools, you can also minimize false positives and receive trustworthy data for assessment. This will help you to stay one step ahead of attackers. Automatically find, prioritize, and fix vulnerabilities in your code and your open-source dependencies throughout the development life cycle with Snyk.